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Nutrient deficiency in vitamin B3

 

Proper Name: Niacin/Nicotinamide

 

Common Name: Vitamin B3

 

Evidence of Efficacy: statement to the effect of

Niacin deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between niacin and aggression1, anxiety2,3,4,5, ADHD6,7, bipolar disorder 8, 9, 10 ,1 1, 12 ,13 ,14, depression15,16,17,18,19,20, and schizophrenia 21, 22 ,23 ,24 ,2 5,26 ,27 ,28 ,29 ,30 ,31 ,32 ,33 ,34 ,35, 36, 37, 38,3 9,4 0,4 1,42 ,43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48

 

References:

 

1. LJ Hippchen, Ed. Ecologic-Biochemical Approaches to Treatment of Delinquents. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978

2. Strohle A, Holsboer F. Stress responsive neurohormones in depression and anxiety. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 Dec;36 Suppl 3:207-14.

3. Strohle A., The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety. Nervenarzt. 2003 Mar;74(3):279-91; quiz 292.

4. D Hawkins, L Pauling, Eds. Orthomolecular Psychiatry: Treatment of Schizophrenia. San Francisco, W.H. Freeman, 1973

5. Volpi E et al. Nicotinamide counteracts alcohol-induced impairment of hepatic protein metabolism in humans. J Nutr 127:2199-204, 1997

6. Hoffer A. Vitamin B3 dependent child. Schizophrenia 3:107-13, 1971

7. Hoffer A. Treatment of hyperkinetic children with nicotinamide and pyridoxine. Letter. Can Med Assoc J 107:111-12, 1792.

8. DM Paige, Ed Clinical Nutrition, Second Edition. St. Louis, C.V. Mosby, 1988.

9. Young Sn, Sourkes TL. The antidepressant effect of tryptophan. Lancet ii:897-8, 1974.

10. Green AR et al. Metabolism of an oral tryptophan load: Effect of pretreatment with the putative tryptophan pyrrolase inhibitors nicotinamide or allopurinol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 10:611-15, 1980.

11. Chouinard G et al. Tryptophan in the treatment of depression and mania. Adv Biol Psychiatry 10:47-66, 1983.

12. Young Sn, Sourkes TL. The antidepressant effect of tryptophan. Lancet ii:897-8, 1974.

13. Green AR et al. Metabolism of an oral tryptophan load: Effect of pretreatment with the putative tryptophan pyrrolase inhibitors nicotinamide or allopurinol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 10:611-15, 1980.

14. Chouinard G et al. Tryptophan in the treatment of depression and mania. Adv Biol Psychiatry 10:47-66, 1983.

15. Chouinard G et al. Tryptophan-nicotinamide, imipramine and their combination in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 59:395-414, 1979.

16. Gelenberg AJ. Psychiatric disorders, in DM Paige, Ed. Clinical Nutrition. Second Edition. St. Louis, C.V. Mosby, 1988.

17. Tonge WL. Nicotinic acid in the treatment of depression. Ann Intern Med 38:551-3, 1953.

18. Washburne Ac. Nicotinic acid in the treatment of certain depressed states: a preliminary report. Ann Intern Med 32:261-9, 1950.

19. Birkmayer JGD, Birkmayer W. The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as biological antidepressive agents. Experience with 205 patients, in New Trends in Clinical Neuropharmacology 6:1-7, 1992.

20. Chouinard G et al. Tryptophan-nicotinamide, imipramine and their combination in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 59:395-414, 1979.

21. Hoffer A, Osmond H. The Hallucinogens. New York, Academic Press, 1967.

22. Hudson CJ et al. The niacin challenge test: clinical manifestation of altered transmembrane signal transduction in schizophrenia? Biol Psychiatry 41:507-13, 1997.

23. Payne IR et al. Relationship of dietary, tryptophan and niacin to tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics. Am J Clin Nutr 27:565-71, 1974.

24. Ross HM. Megavitamins. J Orthomol Psychiatry 1975.

25. Anath JV et al. Nicotinic acid in the treatment of newly admitted schizophrenic patients: A placebo controlled study. Int J Clin Pharmacol 5:406-10, 1972.

26. Osmond H, Hoffer A. Massive niacin treatment in schizophrenia: Review of a nine-year study. Lancet i:316-20, 1962.

27. Raft D et al. Nicotinic acid and schizophrenia: A critique. Psychiatr Digest January, 1975, pp. 18-23.

28. Denson S. The value of nicotinamide in the treatment of schizophrenia. Dis Nerv Sys 23:167-72, 1962.

29. Hoffer A. Megavitamin B-3 therapy for schizophrenia. Can Psychiatric Assn J 16:499-504, 1971.

30. Hoffer A. Safety, side effects and relative lack of toxicity of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Schizophrenia 1:78-87, 1969.

31. Hoffer A, Osmond H. NAD as a treatment for schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 1:78-95, 1966.

32. Hoffer A. The effect of nicotinic acid on the frequency and duration of re-hospitalization of schizophrenic patients: a controlled comparison study. Int J Neuropsychiatry 2:234-40, 1966.

33. Hoffer A, Osmond H. Treatment of schizophrenia with nicotinic acid – a ten year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr Scand 40:171-89, 1964.

34. Hoffer A. Nicotinic acid: an adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 120:171-3, 1963.

35. Hoffer A. Niacin Therapy in Psychiatry. Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas. 1962.

36. Hoffer A, Osmond H, Callbeck MJ, Kahan I. Treatment of schizophrenia with nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. J Clin Exp Psychopathol 18:131-58, 1957.

37. Hoffer A et al. Schizophrenia: A new approach: II. Results of a year’s research. J Mental Sci 100:29-54, 1954.

38. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Niacin and vitamin B6 in mental functioning: a review of controlled trials in humans. Biol Psychiatry 29(9):931-41, 1991.

39. Ban TA. Nicotinic acid in the treatment of schizophrenias: Practical and theoretical considerations. Neuropsychobiol 1:133-45, 1975.

40. Wittenborn JR et al. Niacin in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:308-15, 1973.

41. Hoffer A. The vitamin paradigm wars. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients June, 1996:56-60.

42. Lipton MA et al. Vitamins, megavitamin therapy, and the nervous system, in RJ Wurtman, JJ Wurtman, Eds. Nutrition and the Brain, Volume 3. New York, Raven Press, 1979:183-264.

43. McGrath SD et al. Nicotinamide treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 5:74-6, 1972.

44. Greenbaum GH. An evaluation of niacinamide in the treatment of childhood schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 127:129-32, 1970.

45. Meltzer H et al. The behavioral effects of NAD in chronic schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 15:144-52, 1969.

46. Kline NS et al. Controlled evaluation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 113:731-42, 1967.

47. Gallant DL et al. DPN: A preliminary evaluation in chronic schizophrenic patients. Gurr Ther Res 8:542-8, 1966.

48. Ashby WR et al. The effects of nicotinamide and placebo on the chronic schizophrenia. J Mental Sci 106:1555-9, 1960.  








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