Proper Name: Manganese

Common Name: Manganese

Evidence of Efficacy: statement to the effect of Manganese deficiency or imbalance plays a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between manganese and aggression^1,2,3,4,5,6, ADHD^7,8,9 , and schizophrenia^{10,11,12,13,14,15}.                 

References:

1. Roger D. Masters, Nelson A. Rockefeller Professor of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. Unpublished data, June, 1995.

2. Marlowe M, Bliss L, Schneider HG. Hair trace element content of violence prone male children. J Advancement Med 7(1):5-18, 1994.

3. Gottschalk LA et al. Abnormalities in hair trace-elements as indicators of aberrant behavior. Compr Psychiatry 32:229-37, 1991.

4. Schmidt K, Wier WR, ASch M. Clinical ecology treatment approach for juvenile offenders. J Behav Ecology: Biosocial 2(1), 1981.

5. Von Hilsheimer G, Philpott W, Buckley W, Klotz SC. Correcting the incorrigible. A repot on 229 “incorrigible” adolescents. Am Lab 107:22-49, 1977.

6. Schauss AG. Comparative hair mineral analysis results of 21 elements in a random behaviorally “normal” 19-59 year old population and violent adult criminal offenders. Int J Biosoc Res 1:21-41, 1981.

7. Collipp PJ, Chen SY, Maitinsky S. Manganese in infant formulas and learning disability. Ann Nutr Metab 27:488-94, 1983.

8. Keen CL, Bell JG, Lonnerdal B. The effect of age on manganese uptake and retention from milk and infant formulas in rats. J Nutr 116:395-402, 1986.

9. Barlow PJ. A pilot study on the metal levels in the hair of hyperactive children. Med Hypotheses 11(3):309-18, 1983.

10. Barlow P. Hair metal analysis and its significance to certain diseases. Presentation at the 2^nd Annual Trace Minerals in Health Seminar. Boston, MA, September 8-9, 1979.

11. Pfeiffer CC. Observations on trace and toxic elements in hair and serum. J Orthomol Psychiatry 3(4):259-64, 1974.

12. Pfeiffer CC, LaMola S. Zinc and manganese in the schizophrenics. J Orthomol Psychiatry 12:215-34, 1983.

13. Pfeiffer CC, Iliev V. A study of zinc deficiency and copper excess in the schizophrenias. Int Rev Neurobiol, p. 141. 1972.

14. Hoskins RG. The manganese treatment of schizophrenic disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 79:59-62, 1934.