Proper Name: Choline

Common Name: Choline

Evidence of Efficacy: statement to the effect of Choline deficiency or imbalance may play a role in the symptoms of mood disorders. Observational and experimental studies have shown an association between choline and bipolar disorder^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}.

References:

1. Stoll AL, Cohen BM, Snyder MB, Hanin I.; Erythrocyte choline concentration in bipolar disorder: a predictor of clinical course and medication response. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Jun 15;29(12):1171-80.
2. Jope RS, Jenden DJ, Ehrlich BE, Diamond JM, Gosenfeld LF.; Erythrocyte choline concentrations are elevated in manic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Oct;77(10):6144-6.
3. Stoll AL, Sachs GS, Cohen BM, Lafer B, Christensen JD, Renshaw PF.; Choline in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: clinical and neurochemical findings in lithium-treated patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Sep 1;40(5):382-8.
4. Leiva DB.; The neurochemistry of mania: a hypothesis of etiology and rationale for treatment.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1990;14(3):423-9.
5. Cohen BM, Lipinski JF, Altesman RI.; Lecithin in the treatment of mania: double-blind, placebo controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Sep;139(9):1162-4.
6. Case report Schreier HA.; Mania responsive to lecithin in a 13-year-old girl. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Jan;139(1):108-10
7. Cohen BM, Miller AL, Lipinski JF, Pope HG.; Lecithin in mania: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry. 1980 Feb;137(2):242-3.